Moles or nevi are common and present in most people. They can appear anywhere on the body and are, for the most part, harmless. While it is normal to have moles there are also malignant moles, cancerous moles or melanoma.
Fortunately, there are different signs and symptoms that help us to understand the can help to identify them and promptly consult a dermatologist if necessary.
My name is Sebastian Podlipnik and I am Dermatologist at the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona.one of the world's most renowned centers for the treatment of skin cancer.
Annually I see many patients with cancerous moles of the melanoma type and I believe that many times they could have been diagnosed earlier. In this article I will give you some clues so that you can make an early diagnosis.
What will I talk about in this article?
Melanomas or malignant moles, what are they?
When we talk about malignant moles or cancerous moles we are referring to malignant melanoma. The melanoma is a malignant tumor that develops from melanocytes. whose main function is the production of melanin that gives color to our skin. Although malignant moles almost always appear on the skin, they can also appear on the eye, lips, oral mucosa or even genital mucosa.
Although melanoma accounts for only 5% of all melanomas, it is not a different types of skin cancer that can affect us, produces more than 90% of the deaths attributed to skin cancer. Ref This is why its early identification is so important.
In the illustration we can see how the following processes necessary for the development of a malignant mole occur.
- The melanocytes that are chronically exposed to UV radiation are acquiring mutations
- Eventually, some of these mutations can trigger melanoma
- Now the malignant mole cells can grow superficially uncontrollably. At this point we may be able to detect melanoma early.
- However, if we do not consult these cells can invade deeply into the skin in a process that can last for months.
- Finally, if the cells reach the lymphatic or bloodstream, the following can occur metastases in other organs
Do all melanomas arise on moles?
From infancy to about age 40, our skin produces between 10 and 50 moles, which are basically clusters of pigmented cells or melanocytes. In general, these moles are harmless. But what percentage of melanomas come from moles?
During the last few years we have seen in different scientific studies that only 26% of melanomas appear on the moles.. In fact, it is rare for melanoma to arise from a pre-existing mole.Ref A recent theoretical study has shown that for a 20-year-old individual, the lifetime risk of any individual mole developing into melanoma by the age of 80 years is approximately 0.03% (1 in 3,164) for men and 0.009% (1 in 10,800) for women.Ref
This is very important because many of my patients tell me to remove their moles to prevent the risk of developing melanoma. However, preventive mole removal does not really reduce the risk at all. of developing a malignant mole.
The problem is that when a melanoma begins to develop it can look very much like an ordinary mole. If you have a lot of moles and some of them have atypical characteristics, what you should do is to have a specific monitoring of moles with your dermatologist.
How serious is it to have melanoma?
It depends! Melanoma is a malignant mole that if detected in advanced stages can be fatal. However, there is a 99% survival rate when the disease is detected in its early stages.Ref And one of the best ways to make sure that happens is with a periodic self-examination of our skin or in case you have many moles doing and regular control with your dermatologist. Ref
Early detection makes all the difference
99%
Survival at 5 years of age in patients who are found to have melanoma in early stages. This percentage drops to 66% if the disease reaches the lymph nodes and a 27% if there are metastases in other organs
What are the symptoms of malignant moles?
In the early stages melanomas may not give any symptoms and in fact may look very much like benign moles. That is why one of the most important signs is the change your moles may have. Dermatologists recommend checking tCheck your skin every month for new moles or irregularities. If you detect a change that persists over time, it may be a sign of incipient skin cancer.
I recommend that you examine your skin from head to toe every month. It is a simple but very effective way to detect a malignant mole early.
Now I will leave you with other tips and recommendations so that you can identify a melanoma early and you can visit your dermatologist if necessary.
Sign of the ugly duckling
The ugly duckling sign is a very useful warning sign of melanoma. This recognition strategy is based on the concept that most normal moles on the body look similar to each other, while the melanomas stand out like ugly ducklings in comparison (different)..Ref
This highlights the importance of not only checking for irregular moles, but also comparing any suspicious spots with surrounding moles to determine if they look different from their neighbors.
These ugly duckling lesions or atypical lesions may be larger, smaller, lighter or darker compared to surrounding moles. Isolated lesions with no surrounding mole for comparison are also considered ugly ducklings.
ABCDE of melanoma
The ABCDE rule is another mnemonic rule that allows us to identify changes in freckles and moles that may be suggestive of melanoma.Ref
- A is for Asymmetry: One half of a mole is different from the other half
- B for Border: The spot or mole has irregular edges
- C for Color: The lesion has different shades of brown or black, or sometimes with pink, red, white or blue spots.
- D is for Diameter: The mole is more than 6 millimeters in diameter, although sometimes melanomas can be smaller.
- E for Evolution: The mole is changing in size, shape or color.
It is important to report any signs of ABCDE to your dermatologist. If you see, for example, a change or new spots on your skin, or moles that look different from the rest, it is important to consult your dermatologist.
Other signs of suspicion of malignant moles
Identifying a possible cancerous mole is not easy, and not all melanomas follow the rules I have shown you previously. Some of these cases are:
- Amelanotic melanomas lack the dark pigment or melanin that gives color to most moles. Amelanotic melanomas can be pinkish, reddish, white, skin-colored or even clear and colorless, making them difficult to recognize. Fortunately, they are rare, but if you have a red lesion on your skin that bleeds, increases in size or is bothersome, it is important to consult.
- Acral lentiginous melanomaThe most common form of melanoma in people of color. It usually appears in places that are difficult to detect, such as under the fingernails or toenails, on the palms of the hands or on the soles of the feet.
Finally, I will leave you with a few last clues that can help you identify a malignant mole in time, such as when:
- A wound that will not heal
- There is a spread of brown or black pigment from the edge of a blemish into the surrounding skin.
- There are symptoms such as itching, tenderness or pain over a mole.
- Changes appear on the surface of a mole such as scaling, oozing, bleeding or the appearance of a lump or bump.
When to see a dermatologist?
In short, we must visit a dermatologist when any new moles or freckles appear on your skin. In addition, it is important to consult if a wound that does not heal despite adequate treatmentor when any pre-existing mole begins to change (growing, swelling, itching). Finally, it is very important to be aware of any spots, moles or lesions on the skin. unusual feature (ABCDE rule or ugly duckling)
Be sure to show your dermatologist at consultations any areas that concern you and ask him or her to look at any areas that are difficult for you to see. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between a melanoma and a normal mole, even for dermatologists, so it is important to show the dermatologist any moles you are unsure about.
Request an appointment
Have you been diagnosed with skin cancer and have doubts?
Photos of malignant moles
Melanomas can take many different forms and will not always follow the rules. Now that you know the signs to be concerned about, I will leave you with some images of malignant moles to reinforce the ideas previously presented.
Invasive melanoma
Young male presenting with an ugly duckling sign lesion and progressive growth
Incipient melanoma
Young man with progressively growing pigmented lesion on the back with the ugly duckling sign
Incipient melanoma
Fast-growing pigmented lesion on the left forearm that is larger than all the rest.
Melanoma on the nail
Brown pigment can be seen around the nail and destruction of the nail plate.
Melanoma amelanotic
In this case I show you a melanoma without pigment that grows as a red "wart".
Acral melanoma
Black spot on the sole of the foot that grew progressively over the years until the patient became aware of it. It is a place of difficult visualization.
Note: Not all melanomas look the same! These photos serve as a general reference of what a melanoma may look like. If you see something NEW, CHANGING or UNUSUAL on your skin, get checked by a dermatologist.
What are the risk factors for melanoma?
There are different risk factors that can increase the chances of developing a cancerous mole. Many of these factors are genetic, but the most important ones that we can prevent are environmental.Ref
Genetic and phenotypic factors
- Genetic risk factors (genotyping) are those that are found within our genes and that we cannot control. When in a family there are several members with melanoma, or the same person has had more than 2 melanomas, we study their genes to find out if there is a predisposition to develop melanoma.
- The phenotype refers to the characteristic features of each person such as skin color and the number of moles we have. The combination of these factors allows us to identify at-risk populations that are more likely to develop melanoma.
There is not much we can do about these factors to modify the risk of developing melanoma. But we can select patients who will require a specific follow-up with the dermatologist.
Environmental factors
On the other hand, we have the environmental factors (exposome) which refers to all the external causes that influence our skin and can favor the development of a cancerous mole. Among the most important causes we have:
- Intense intermittent exposure to UV radiation. For example, when we become red after intense sun exposure during the vacations and the skin subsequently flakes off.Ref
- Chronic exposure to UV radiation. For example, in people who are constantly exposed to the sun.Ref
- Use of tanning booths, especially in people under 35 years of age, has been found to increase the risk of melanoma by 2 times. In addition, a recent study has shown that just 10 sessions of UVA can increase the risk of developing melanoma by 1.7 times.Ref
- Immunosuppression. In patients who for some reason are immunosuppressed. We see it a lot in organ transplant patients who have to take immunosuppressants.Ref
Download my free photoprotection guide
Access my complete guide to photoprotection, where I share all my exclusive tips and recommendations - get it now!
What to do to prevent the appearance of malignant moles?
There is not much we can do to modify genetic factors. However, in the face of environmental factors, we can do a great deal to prevent the appearance of a malignant mole and also maintain a healthy and youthful skin.Ref
Of all the measures we can do, sun protection and avoiding tanning booths are the 2 most important. If you want to become a expert in photoprotection I leave you this article to see the best ways to protect yourself.
On the other hand, identifying patients at risk allows us to improve the efficacy and efficiency of follow-up programs and thus detect very early melanomas. In addition, at the individual level, it allows us to improve clinical decisions including periodic follow-ups, digital follow-ups, or the performance of biopsies of suspicious lesions.
Do all melanomas have the same prognosis?
When detected and treated early, melanomas are highly curable and many times simply removing the suspicious mole will suffice. However, as time goes on the melanoma will continue to develop until it becomes invasive.
In order to know the prognosis of patients with melanoma, we use the classification of the American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) that classifies patients broadly speaking from stage 0 to stage IV.Ref
Once we diagnose a melanoma and do all the initial studies we will be able to perform staging. The stage provides the physician and the patient with a common language to understand how advanced the cancer iswhere it is located and what treatment options are available. I will now explain in general terms what the different stages of melanoma mean:
- Stadium 0: It is also called melanoma in situ. It means that there are melanocyte cells located only in the epidermis, that is, the most superficial layer of the skin. This is the earliest stage. It is best to detect and treat melanocytes here before they have a chance to become invasive.
- Stage I: In general, a stage I melanoma has grown slightly larger in the skin but is still quite superficial. Survival is excellent in these cases.
- Stage II: A stage II melanoma has grown deeper into the skin and has more high-risk features, but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes or the rest of the body.
- Stage III: A stage III melanoma diagnosis means that the cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not to distant organs or any other part of the body.
- Stage IV: In stage IV, melanoma has spread to other organs and/or distant lymph nodes.
Treatment and follow-up of malignant moles
Treatment and follow-up of melanoma has to be individualized in each case depending on the stage of the melanoma. In early cases only surgery will be necessary to remove the superficial melanoma cells. However, in advanced stages, in addition to surgery, it may be necessary to use immunotherapy or target molecules if the neoplasm has spread beyond the skin.
If you are interested in knowing more about melanoma treatment I can write an article about it. Leave me a comment and I will know if it might be of interest.
Final tips for detecting malignant moles
Regardless of your risk of developing melanoma, examine your skin from head to toe once a month. Look for existing moles or lesions that grow or change.
Keep in mind that if you have many risk factors and atypical moles, monthly self-exams may not be sufficient. See your dermatologist at least once a year for a professional skin examination.
If you have had a melanoma, you need to follow up regularly with your dermatologist.
Spanish 
English